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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Volcanologist” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #346 of 702. Estimated risk: 63.0%

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AI Exposure Risk

59%

“Volcanologist” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 59% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

35%

“Volcanologist” will probably not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 35% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Study the composition, structure, and other physical aspects of the Earth. May use geological, physics, and mathematics knowledge in exploration for oil, gas, minerals, or underground water; or in waste disposal, land reclamation, or other environmental problems. May study the Earth's internal composition, atmospheres, and oceans, and its magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces. Includes mineralogists, paleontologists, stratigraphers, geodesists, and seismologists.

Avg. Annual Salary $111,310
Avg. Hourly Wage $53.52
Available Jobs (US) 22,510
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers #19-2042
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Research ways to reduce the ecological footprint of increasingly prevalent megacities.

  • Develop strategies for more environmentally friendly resource extraction and reclamation.

  • Test industrial diamonds or abrasives, soil, or rocks to determine their geological characteristics, using optical, x-ray, heat, acid, or precision instruments.

  • Identify new sources of platinum group elements for industrial applications, such as automotive fuel cells or pollution abatement systems.

  • Research geomechanical or geochemical processes to be used in carbon sequestration projects.

  • Identify deposits of construction materials suitable for use as concrete aggregates, road fill, or other applications.

  • Provide advice on the safe siting of new nuclear reactor projects or methods of nuclear waste management.

  • Analyze and interpret geological data, using computer software.

  • Locate potential sources of geothermal energy.

  • Design geological mine maps, monitor mine structural integrity, or advise and monitor mining crews.

  • Inspect construction projects to analyze engineering problems, using test equipment or drilling machinery.

  • Review work plans to determine the effectiveness of activities for mitigating soil or groundwater contamination.

  • Identify risks for natural disasters, such as mudslides, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions.

  • Review environmental, historical, or technical reports and publications for accuracy.

  • Locate and estimate probable natural gas, oil, or mineral ore deposits or underground water resources, using aerial photographs, charts, or research or survey results.

  • Identify possible sites for carbon sequestration projects.

  • Develop applied software for the analysis and interpretation of geological data.

  • Prepare geological maps, cross-sectional diagrams, charts, or reports concerning mineral extraction, land use, or resource management, using results of fieldwork or laboratory research.

  • Conduct geological or geophysical studies to provide information for use in regional development, site selection, or development of public works projects.

  • Communicate geological findings by writing research papers, participating in conferences, or teaching geological science at universities.

  • Study historical climate change indicators found in locations, such as ice sheets or rock formations to develop climate change models.

  • Advise construction firms or government agencies on dam or road construction, foundation design, land use, or resource management.

  • Measure characteristics of the Earth, such as gravity or magnetic fields, using equipment such as seismographs, gravimeters, torsion balances, or magnetometers.

  • Analyze and interpret geological, geochemical, or geophysical information from sources, such as survey data, well logs, bore holes, or aerial photos.

  • Determine methods to incorporate geomethane or methane hydrates into global energy production or evaluate the potential environmental impacts of such incorporation.

  • Investigate the composition, structure, or history of the Earth's crust through the collection, examination, measurement, or classification of soils, minerals, rocks, or fossil remains.

  • Plan or conduct geological, geochemical, or geophysical field studies or surveys, sample collection, or drilling and testing programs used to collect data for research or application.

  • Collaborate with medical or health researchers to address health problems related to geological materials or processes.

  • Determine ways to mitigate the negative consequences of mineral dust dispersion.

  • Locate and review research articles or environmental, historical, or technical reports.

  • Develop ways to capture or use gases burned off as waste during oil production processes.

  • Assess ground or surface water movement to provide advice on issues, such as waste management, route and site selection, or the restoration of contaminated sites.

Technologies & Software

  • RSI interactive data language IDL software
  • Shape software
  • RockWare WinSism
  • PolyMap
  • RockWare QuickSyn
  • RockWare DepthCon2000
  • Landmark Graphics GeoGraphix
  • ESRI ArcInfo
  • Seismic visualization software
  • Groundwater modeling system GMS
  • Geographic information system GIS systems
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Microsoft Word
  • Scite AI
  • MineGeo software
  • Starpint Software Super Slug
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • RockWare Visual STUNT
  • MySQL
  • Trimble Terramodel
  • Maptek Vulcan
  • BOSS Didger
  • Aquifer test software
  • Data logger software
  • GeoPLUS Petra
  • Microsoft Active Server Pages ASP
  • Atoll GeoCAD
  • RockWare GeoTrig
  • ESRI ArcGIS software
  • Intergraph ImageStation Stereo Softcopy Kit SSK
  • Consensus
  • Word processing software
  • Paradigm SKUA-GOCAD
  • Seismic Micro-Technology KINGDOM
  • Bilko
  • Seismic interpretation software
  • IRIS Seismic Processing Workshop
  • Groundwater Vistas
  • RockWare Jlog
  • PaleoMag
  • IHS Energy PowerTools
  • MJ Systems Logsleuth
  • Upperspace DesignCAD
  • Systat Software SigmaStat
  • Microsoft Project
  • Leica Geosystems ERDAS IMAGINE
  • Parameter Estimation PEST
  • MIT OASES
  • SACLANTCEN
  • Triton Elics International SeaClass
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • The MathWorks MATLAB
  • Geo-Logic Systems LithoTect Interpreter
  • RockWare GRADIX
  • RockWare VEGO
  • RockWare RockWorks
  • Semantic Scholar AI
  • Gresens 92
  • SAS
  • Geospatial data abstraction library GDAL
  • Geographic resources analysis support system GRASS
  • EasySolve Software SizePerm
  • Laboratory information management system LIMS
  • RockWare Geochemist's Workbench GWB
  • EPIC GIS
  • RockWare Stratbugs
  • Waterloo Hydrogeologic AquaChem
  • Alara CRystalView
  • RockWare FIRSTPIX
  • PaleoTax
  • Geosoft DAP server
  • Geosoft Oasis montaj
  • MHC Document Express
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Red Rock DeltaGraph
  • ESRI ArcView
  • MapInfo Professional
  • Git
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Evolution Computing EasyCAD
  • RSI ENVI
  • HydroSOLVE AQTESOLV
  • RockWare Grav2Dc
  • Scientific Software Group FEFLOW
  • Hydrogeology Basin2
  • Email software
  • Schlumberger Inside Reality
  • RockWare Potent
  • RockWare ChemFlux
  • Enigma software
  • SeeByte SeeTrack
  • Earthworks MaxiPit
  • Terrain surface mapping software
  • NotebookLM (Google)
  • Data mining software
  • Rockware CrossLog
  • ERDAS ER Mapper
  • Socorro Scientific Software Refract2K
  • Elicit
  • RockWare Plan
  • Solvcalv
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Geomechanical design analysis GDA software
  • PowerCAD
  • MineSight
  • Waterloo Hydrogeologic FlowPath II
  • EarthSoft EQuIS Geology
  • RockWare Erupt
  • Python
  • RockWare MicroMODEL
  • OriginLab Origin
  • Microsoft Access
  • Scientific Software Group SVHeat
  • Interpex IXID
  • Evolution Computing FastCAD
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Internet browser software
  • CrystalMaker
  • StrainSim
  • Adobe Photoshop
  • OpenOffice.org
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • MICRODEM
  • Compass software
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Well logging software
  • DeepSeek
  • ESRI ArcIMS
  • Field data recorder software
  • Midland Valley 3DMove
  • Scientific Software Group Infinite Extent
  • Multivariate statistical program MVSP software
  • EarthWorks Downhole Explorer
  • Clover Technology GALENA
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Microsoft Excel
  • RockWare RockPack III
  • Upperspace ModelCAD
  • Gemcom Surpac
  • Gemcom GEMS
  • ChemStat
  • Autodesk AutoCAD
  • Golden Software Surfer
  • Geographic information system GIS software
  • Mapping software
  • Bentley Systems gINT
  • Mistral AI (chat/models)
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Perplexity AI
  • Landmark VIP
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Microsoft Office software
  • National Geophysical Data Center GEODAS
  • TECHBASE
  • Geostatistical modeling GSTAT software
  • Geostatistics software GS+
  • ACD Systems Canvas
  • Gemini (Google)
  • GeoModel
  • Paleontological Statistics PAST
  • Digital cameras
  • Personal computers
  • Rock saws
  • Motorized mortars/pestles
  • Tube samplers
  • Ion chromatographs
  • Electronic toploading balances
  • Earth resistivity meters
  • Dessicators
  • Microgravimeters
  • Abney levels
  • Geological compasses
  • Jaw crushers
  • Biological dredges
  • Chisel hammers
  • Triple beam balances
  • Submicron particle size analyzers
  • Altimeters
  • Brunauer-Emmett-Teller BET surface area analyzers
  • Electron microprobes
  • Video microscopes
  • Axes
  • Cathodoluminescence scopes
  • Rotoevaporators
  • Seismographs
  • Rotary grinders
  • Seismic stations
  • Mobile wireless handheld communication devices
  • Total stations
  • Carbon analyzers
  • Computed tomography CT scanners
  • Soil augers
  • Sediment piston corers
  • Sediment samplers
  • Electrical conductivity cells
  • Short-range radar equipment
  • Powered rock-coring drills
  • Mainframe computers
  • Gamma ray scintillometers
  • Impulse magnetizers
  • Isodynamic separators
  • X ray diffractometers
  • Magnetic susceptibility measurement systems
  • Water level recorders
  • Geo/paleo picks
  • Core splitters
  • Geophones
  • Notebook computers
  • Fusion fluxes
  • Plankton nets
  • Portable organic vapor analyzers
  • Ultraviolet UV lamps
  • All terrain vehicles ATV
  • Tree corers
  • Planimeters
  • Microscope slides
  • Alternating field demagnitizers
  • Digitizing tablets
  • Multibeam echosounders
  • Sand grain size gauges
  • Ultrasonic sieve cleaners
  • Colorimeters
  • Mass spectrometers
  • Echosounders
  • Tubular water samplers
  • Drying ovens
  • Long range radar equipment
  • Pocket transits
  • Optical compound microscopes
  • Global positioning system GPS receivers
  • Microsplitters
  • Agitators
  • Stereoscopes
  • Soil samplers
  • Side scan sonars
  • Rangefinders
  • Thermistor chains
  • Electron microscopes
  • Fluid inclusion microscopes
  • Illuminated microscopes
  • Degaussing wands
  • Borehole cameras
  • Reverse osmosis systems
  • Sun compasses
  • Water current meters
  • Laser printers
  • Argon plasma atomic emission spectroscopes
  • Protractors
  • Stereo microscopes
  • Chromatographic scanners
  • Magnetic susceptibility/anisotropy systems
  • High temperature laboratory ovens
  • Mechanical earth drills
  • One-atmosphere furnaces
  • Vertical sketchmasters
  • Digital map measurers
  • Soft face hammers
  • Laboratory rock pulverizers
  • Towed sonars
  • Laser rangefinders
  • Pocket magnetic susceptibility meters
  • Laser theodolites
  • Temperature profile recorders
  • Electronic bench scales
  • Mercury analyzers
  • Desktop computers
  • Seismic activity recorders
  • Scanners
  • Rock picks
  • Penetrometers
  • X ray fluorescence XRF lead detectors
  • Underwater sediment bearing strength probes
  • Vibrating sample magnetometers
  • Analog map measurers
  • Roto torque mixers
  • Rock chisels
  • Hand magnifying lenses
  • Gamma ray spectrometers
  • pH meters
  • Digital seismographs
  • Automated core analysis systems
  • Digital alkalinity titrators
  • Crack hammers
  • Rock magnetometers
  • Mapping dividers
  • Electrical conductivity meters
  • Geological stratum compasses
  • Polarizing microscopes
  • Sieve shakers
  • Petrographic microscopes
  • Pneumatic airscribes
  • Atomic absorption AA spectrophotometers
  • Clinometers
  • Hand levels
  • Gravity meters
  • Test sieves
  • Magnetic susceptibility/temperature systems
  • Bottom sampling equipment
  • Hydraulic earth drills
  • Radiation detectors
  • Centrifuges
  • Thermal specimen demagnitizers
  • Fume hoods
  • X ray fluorescence spectrometers
  • Winches
  • Digitizers
  • Large-format plotters
  • Mapping scale sets
  • Ground penetrating radar GPR
  • Underwater cameras
  • Pry bars
  • Dissolved oxygen meters
  • Water sampler bottles