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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Volcanologist” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #346 of 702. Estimated risk: 63.0%

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AI Exposure Risk

59%

“Volcanologist” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 59% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

35%

“Volcanologist” will probably not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 35% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Study the composition, structure, and other physical aspects of the Earth. May use geological, physics, and mathematics knowledge in exploration for oil, gas, minerals, or underground water; or in waste disposal, land reclamation, or other environmental problems. May study the Earth's internal composition, atmospheres, and oceans, and its magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces. Includes mineralogists, paleontologists, stratigraphers, geodesists, and seismologists.

Avg. Annual Salary $111,310
Avg. Hourly Wage $53.52
Available Jobs (US) 22,510
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers #19-2042
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Develop applied software for the analysis and interpretation of geological data.

  • Locate and estimate probable natural gas, oil, or mineral ore deposits or underground water resources, using aerial photographs, charts, or research or survey results.

  • Inspect construction projects to analyze engineering problems, using test equipment or drilling machinery.

  • Locate potential sources of geothermal energy.

  • Communicate geological findings by writing research papers, participating in conferences, or teaching geological science at universities.

  • Develop strategies for more environmentally friendly resource extraction and reclamation.

  • Collaborate with medical or health researchers to address health problems related to geological materials or processes.

  • Review work plans to determine the effectiveness of activities for mitigating soil or groundwater contamination.

  • Provide advice on the safe siting of new nuclear reactor projects or methods of nuclear waste management.

  • Assess ground or surface water movement to provide advice on issues, such as waste management, route and site selection, or the restoration of contaminated sites.

  • Analyze and interpret geological, geochemical, or geophysical information from sources, such as survey data, well logs, bore holes, or aerial photos.

  • Determine methods to incorporate geomethane or methane hydrates into global energy production or evaluate the potential environmental impacts of such incorporation.

  • Prepare geological maps, cross-sectional diagrams, charts, or reports concerning mineral extraction, land use, or resource management, using results of fieldwork or laboratory research.

  • Identify risks for natural disasters, such as mudslides, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions.

  • Measure characteristics of the Earth, such as gravity or magnetic fields, using equipment such as seismographs, gravimeters, torsion balances, or magnetometers.

  • Conduct geological or geophysical studies to provide information for use in regional development, site selection, or development of public works projects.

  • Advise construction firms or government agencies on dam or road construction, foundation design, land use, or resource management.

  • Study historical climate change indicators found in locations, such as ice sheets or rock formations to develop climate change models.

  • Design geological mine maps, monitor mine structural integrity, or advise and monitor mining crews.

  • Determine ways to mitigate the negative consequences of mineral dust dispersion.

  • Plan or conduct geological, geochemical, or geophysical field studies or surveys, sample collection, or drilling and testing programs used to collect data for research or application.

  • Research ways to reduce the ecological footprint of increasingly prevalent megacities.

  • Identify new sources of platinum group elements for industrial applications, such as automotive fuel cells or pollution abatement systems.

  • Develop ways to capture or use gases burned off as waste during oil production processes.

  • Analyze and interpret geological data, using computer software.

  • Test industrial diamonds or abrasives, soil, or rocks to determine their geological characteristics, using optical, x-ray, heat, acid, or precision instruments.

  • Investigate the composition, structure, or history of the Earth's crust through the collection, examination, measurement, or classification of soils, minerals, rocks, or fossil remains.

  • Identify deposits of construction materials suitable for use as concrete aggregates, road fill, or other applications.

  • Identify possible sites for carbon sequestration projects.

  • Locate and review research articles or environmental, historical, or technical reports.

  • Review environmental, historical, or technical reports and publications for accuracy.

  • Research geomechanical or geochemical processes to be used in carbon sequestration projects.

Technologies & Software

  • Geographic information system GIS systems
  • RSI ENVI
  • Compass software
  • Perplexity AI
  • Solvcalv
  • Elicit
  • Microsoft Word
  • RSI interactive data language IDL software
  • Aquifer test software
  • GeoPLUS Petra
  • StrainSim
  • Data logger software
  • RockWare QuickSyn
  • ESRI ArcIMS
  • ESRI ArcView
  • RockWare WinSism
  • ESRI ArcGIS software
  • EarthSoft EQuIS Geology
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Email software
  • Well logging software
  • MapInfo Professional
  • RockWare Jlog
  • RockWare RockPack III
  • SeeByte SeeTrack
  • Mapping software
  • Python
  • Geostatistics software GS+
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Bentley Systems gINT
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • SAS
  • Gemcom GEMS
  • Red Rock DeltaGraph
  • Maptek Vulcan
  • Scientific Software Group Infinite Extent
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Llama (Meta)
  • RockWare MicroMODEL
  • Bilko
  • Scientific Software Group FEFLOW
  • Clover Technology GALENA
  • SACLANTCEN
  • RockWare GeoTrig
  • GeoModel
  • MineSight
  • NotebookLM (Google)
  • RockWare FIRSTPIX
  • OpenOffice.org
  • Golden Software Surfer
  • Scientific Software Group SVHeat
  • Groundwater modeling system GMS
  • Internet browser software
  • Alara CRystalView
  • MIT OASES
  • Geo-Logic Systems LithoTect Interpreter
  • Geosoft Oasis montaj
  • National Geophysical Data Center GEODAS
  • RockWare Plan
  • Starpint Software Super Slug
  • EarthWorks Downhole Explorer
  • Seismic interpretation software
  • RockWare GRADIX
  • Triton Elics International SeaClass
  • Groundwater Vistas
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Geosoft DAP server
  • Leica Geosystems ERDAS IMAGINE
  • RockWare DepthCon2000
  • Seismic visualization software
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • RockWare Geochemist's Workbench GWB
  • Rockware CrossLog
  • MHC Document Express
  • RockWare ChemFlux
  • Midland Valley 3DMove
  • Upperspace ModelCAD
  • Consensus
  • MineGeo software
  • ERDAS ER Mapper
  • Microsoft Active Server Pages ASP
  • Semantic Scholar AI
  • RockWare Visual STUNT
  • OriginLab Origin
  • Paradigm SKUA-GOCAD
  • Word processing software
  • Schlumberger Inside Reality
  • Microsoft Office software
  • RockWare Erupt
  • Landmark VIP
  • MySQL
  • ChemStat
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Gemini (Google)
  • EasySolve Software SizePerm
  • Enigma software
  • BOSS Didger
  • ACD Systems Canvas
  • IHS Energy PowerTools
  • Terrain surface mapping software
  • PaleoMag
  • Grok (xAI)
  • IRIS Seismic Processing Workshop
  • Adobe Photoshop
  • Socorro Scientific Software Refract2K
  • Systat Software SigmaStat
  • Trimble Terramodel
  • RockWare Stratbugs
  • Geostatistical modeling GSTAT software
  • Hydrogeology Basin2
  • RockWare Grav2Dc
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • PolyMap
  • RockWare RockWorks
  • Upperspace DesignCAD
  • Evolution Computing FastCAD
  • RockWare Potent
  • Evolution Computing EasyCAD
  • MICRODEM
  • RockWare VEGO
  • Seismic Micro-Technology KINGDOM
  • TECHBASE
  • MJ Systems Logsleuth
  • Data mining software
  • Paleontological Statistics PAST
  • Gresens 92
  • Parameter Estimation PEST
  • Geographic information system GIS software
  • Earthworks MaxiPit
  • Geomechanical design analysis GDA software
  • Atoll GeoCAD
  • Intergraph ImageStation Stereo Softcopy Kit SSK
  • Git
  • Landmark Graphics GeoGraphix
  • Interpex IXID
  • Gemcom Surpac
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Scite AI
  • PowerCAD
  • EPIC GIS
  • Mistral AI (chat/models)
  • DeepSeek
  • Microsoft Access
  • HydroSOLVE AQTESOLV
  • Multivariate statistical program MVSP software
  • ESRI ArcInfo
  • Laboratory information management system LIMS
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • PaleoTax
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Geospatial data abstraction library GDAL
  • Geographic resources analysis support system GRASS
  • Microsoft Project
  • Shape software
  • The MathWorks MATLAB
  • Field data recorder software
  • CrystalMaker
  • Waterloo Hydrogeologic FlowPath II
  • Autodesk AutoCAD
  • Waterloo Hydrogeologic AquaChem
  • Submicron particle size analyzers
  • Soft face hammers
  • Pneumatic airscribes
  • Water sampler bottles
  • Personal computers
  • Total stations
  • Core splitters
  • Geological compasses
  • Argon plasma atomic emission spectroscopes
  • Soil augers
  • Degaussing wands
  • Protractors
  • Geological stratum compasses
  • Polarizing microscopes
  • Gamma ray spectrometers
  • Thermal specimen demagnitizers
  • Digitizing tablets
  • Seismic stations
  • Computed tomography CT scanners
  • Mass spectrometers
  • Dissolved oxygen meters
  • Hand levels
  • Laser rangefinders
  • Sediment samplers
  • Rock chisels
  • Mechanical earth drills
  • Digital cameras
  • Electron microprobes
  • Short-range radar equipment
  • Temperature profile recorders
  • Test sieves
  • Scanners
  • Radiation detectors
  • Magnetic susceptibility/anisotropy systems
  • Biological dredges
  • Planimeters
  • Automated core analysis systems
  • Ultrasonic sieve cleaners
  • Laser printers
  • Roto torque mixers
  • Alternating field demagnitizers
  • Electron microscopes
  • Illuminated microscopes
  • Electrical conductivity cells
  • Seismic activity recorders
  • Stereoscopes
  • Colorimeters
  • Carbon analyzers
  • Drying ovens
  • Rotoevaporators
  • Microsplitters
  • Portable organic vapor analyzers
  • Altimeters
  • Geophones
  • Vertical sketchmasters
  • Abney levels
  • Digital seismographs
  • Water current meters
  • Ground penetrating radar GPR
  • Bottom sampling equipment
  • Ion chromatographs
  • Winches
  • Fusion fluxes
  • Optical compound microscopes
  • Towed sonars
  • Rangefinders
  • Mercury analyzers
  • Hydraulic earth drills
  • Cathodoluminescence scopes
  • Microgravimeters
  • Borehole cameras
  • Sun compasses
  • High temperature laboratory ovens
  • Microscope slides
  • pH meters
  • Fume hoods
  • Vibrating sample magnetometers
  • Chromatographic scanners
  • Side scan sonars
  • Centrifuges
  • Thermistor chains
  • Desktop computers
  • Magnetic susceptibility measurement systems
  • Digital alkalinity titrators
  • Mainframe computers
  • Mapping dividers
  • One-atmosphere furnaces
  • Earth resistivity meters
  • Gravity meters
  • Atomic absorption AA spectrophotometers
  • Brunauer-Emmett-Teller BET surface area analyzers
  • Pry bars
  • Axes
  • Chisel hammers
  • Mobile wireless handheld communication devices
  • Large-format plotters
  • Agitators
  • Hand magnifying lenses
  • Electrical conductivity meters
  • Rock picks
  • Electronic toploading balances
  • Geo/paleo picks
  • Impulse magnetizers
  • Analog map measurers
  • Stereo microscopes
  • Gamma ray scintillometers
  • Fluid inclusion microscopes
  • Dessicators
  • Electronic bench scales
  • Clinometers
  • Mapping scale sets
  • Sediment piston corers
  • Sand grain size gauges
  • Tube samplers
  • Triple beam balances
  • X ray diffractometers
  • Reverse osmosis systems
  • Crack hammers
  • Underwater cameras
  • Penetrometers
  • Ultraviolet UV lamps
  • Tubular water samplers
  • All terrain vehicles ATV
  • Multibeam echosounders
  • Rotary grinders
  • Tree corers
  • Sieve shakers
  • Underwater sediment bearing strength probes
  • Magnetic susceptibility/temperature systems
  • Water level recorders
  • Digitizers
  • Laboratory rock pulverizers
  • Rock magnetometers
  • Plankton nets
  • Notebook computers
  • Echosounders
  • Jaw crushers
  • Seismographs
  • Pocket magnetic susceptibility meters
  • Petrographic microscopes
  • X ray fluorescence XRF lead detectors
  • X ray fluorescence spectrometers
  • Video microscopes
  • Rock saws
  • Soil samplers
  • Long range radar equipment
  • Isodynamic separators
  • Motorized mortars/pestles
  • Pocket transits
  • Powered rock-coring drills
  • Laser theodolites
  • Digital map measurers
  • Global positioning system GPS receivers