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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Volcanologist” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #346 of 702. Estimated risk: 63.0%

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AI Exposure Risk

59%

“Volcanologist” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 59% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

35%

“Volcanologist” will probably not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 35% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Study the composition, structure, and other physical aspects of the Earth. May use geological, physics, and mathematics knowledge in exploration for oil, gas, minerals, or underground water; or in waste disposal, land reclamation, or other environmental problems. May study the Earth's internal composition, atmospheres, and oceans, and its magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces. Includes mineralogists, paleontologists, stratigraphers, geodesists, and seismologists.

Avg. Annual Salary $111,310
Avg. Hourly Wage $53.52
Available Jobs (US) 22,510
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers #19-2042
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Plan or conduct geological, geochemical, or geophysical field studies or surveys, sample collection, or drilling and testing programs used to collect data for research or application.

  • Design geological mine maps, monitor mine structural integrity, or advise and monitor mining crews.

  • Identify new sources of platinum group elements for industrial applications, such as automotive fuel cells or pollution abatement systems.

  • Communicate geological findings by writing research papers, participating in conferences, or teaching geological science at universities.

  • Advise construction firms or government agencies on dam or road construction, foundation design, land use, or resource management.

  • Assess ground or surface water movement to provide advice on issues, such as waste management, route and site selection, or the restoration of contaminated sites.

  • Determine methods to incorporate geomethane or methane hydrates into global energy production or evaluate the potential environmental impacts of such incorporation.

  • Measure characteristics of the Earth, such as gravity or magnetic fields, using equipment such as seismographs, gravimeters, torsion balances, or magnetometers.

  • Develop applied software for the analysis and interpretation of geological data.

  • Analyze and interpret geological, geochemical, or geophysical information from sources, such as survey data, well logs, bore holes, or aerial photos.

  • Identify deposits of construction materials suitable for use as concrete aggregates, road fill, or other applications.

  • Collaborate with medical or health researchers to address health problems related to geological materials or processes.

  • Research ways to reduce the ecological footprint of increasingly prevalent megacities.

  • Review environmental, historical, or technical reports and publications for accuracy.

  • Prepare geological maps, cross-sectional diagrams, charts, or reports concerning mineral extraction, land use, or resource management, using results of fieldwork or laboratory research.

  • Identify risks for natural disasters, such as mudslides, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions.

  • Inspect construction projects to analyze engineering problems, using test equipment or drilling machinery.

  • Analyze and interpret geological data, using computer software.

  • Study historical climate change indicators found in locations, such as ice sheets or rock formations to develop climate change models.

  • Locate and review research articles or environmental, historical, or technical reports.

  • Locate potential sources of geothermal energy.

  • Locate and estimate probable natural gas, oil, or mineral ore deposits or underground water resources, using aerial photographs, charts, or research or survey results.

  • Determine ways to mitigate the negative consequences of mineral dust dispersion.

  • Investigate the composition, structure, or history of the Earth's crust through the collection, examination, measurement, or classification of soils, minerals, rocks, or fossil remains.

  • Research geomechanical or geochemical processes to be used in carbon sequestration projects.

  • Review work plans to determine the effectiveness of activities for mitigating soil or groundwater contamination.

  • Develop ways to capture or use gases burned off as waste during oil production processes.

  • Conduct geological or geophysical studies to provide information for use in regional development, site selection, or development of public works projects.

  • Provide advice on the safe siting of new nuclear reactor projects or methods of nuclear waste management.

  • Develop strategies for more environmentally friendly resource extraction and reclamation.

  • Test industrial diamonds or abrasives, soil, or rocks to determine their geological characteristics, using optical, x-ray, heat, acid, or precision instruments.

  • Identify possible sites for carbon sequestration projects.

Technologies & Software

  • RockWare RockPack III
  • Gemcom GEMS
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • RockWare Visual STUNT
  • Groundwater modeling system GMS
  • Consensus
  • Data logger software
  • RockWare GeoTrig
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Semantic Scholar AI
  • Landmark Graphics GeoGraphix
  • Atoll GeoCAD
  • ChemStat
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Multivariate statistical program MVSP software
  • Autodesk AutoCAD
  • Intergraph ImageStation Stereo Softcopy Kit SSK
  • Geospatial data abstraction library GDAL
  • IRIS Seismic Processing Workshop
  • Seismic Micro-Technology KINGDOM
  • PolyMap
  • National Geophysical Data Center GEODAS
  • Gresens 92
  • PaleoTax
  • Midland Valley 3DMove
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • StrainSim
  • Microsoft Access
  • HydroSOLVE AQTESOLV
  • Geostatistics software GS+
  • PaleoMag
  • SACLANTCEN
  • RockWare DepthCon2000
  • CrystalMaker
  • GeoModel
  • ESRI ArcGIS software
  • ERDAS ER Mapper
  • Elicit
  • DeepSeek
  • MHC Document Express
  • Python
  • BOSS Didger
  • EasySolve Software SizePerm
  • Email software
  • RockWare Plan
  • EPIC GIS
  • Git
  • RockWare WinSism
  • The MathWorks MATLAB
  • Solvcalv
  • Schlumberger Inside Reality
  • RockWare Jlog
  • Trimble Terramodel
  • EarthSoft EQuIS Geology
  • Scientific Software Group Infinite Extent
  • Alara CRystalView
  • Parameter Estimation PEST
  • Gemcom Surpac
  • Starpint Software Super Slug
  • OpenOffice.org
  • Internet browser software
  • Well logging software
  • PowerCAD
  • RockWare RockWorks
  • Earthworks MaxiPit
  • Triton Elics International SeaClass
  • Clover Technology GALENA
  • Scientific Software Group SVHeat
  • Mistral AI (chat/models)
  • Laboratory information management system LIMS
  • Bilko
  • RSI interactive data language IDL software
  • Hydrogeology Basin2
  • Socorro Scientific Software Refract2K
  • IHS Energy PowerTools
  • MJ Systems Logsleuth
  • Data mining software
  • Mapping software
  • MineGeo software
  • RockWare VEGO
  • Upperspace DesignCAD
  • Gemini (Google)
  • SAS
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Scientific Software Group FEFLOW
  • Waterloo Hydrogeologic AquaChem
  • RockWare ChemFlux
  • Microsoft Active Server Pages ASP
  • RockWare FIRSTPIX
  • Paradigm SKUA-GOCAD
  • GeoPLUS Petra
  • Word processing software
  • Interpex IXID
  • Field data recorder software
  • Terrain surface mapping software
  • Shape software
  • Scite AI
  • Compass software
  • Microsoft Project
  • RockWare Geochemist's Workbench GWB
  • Enigma software
  • Bentley Systems gINT
  • MySQL
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • RockWare Grav2Dc
  • Leica Geosystems ERDAS IMAGINE
  • SeeByte SeeTrack
  • TECHBASE
  • Upperspace ModelCAD
  • RockWare QuickSyn
  • RSI ENVI
  • Aquifer test software
  • RockWare Erupt
  • Perplexity AI
  • RockWare Stratbugs
  • Geomechanical design analysis GDA software
  • Evolution Computing FastCAD
  • ESRI ArcInfo
  • ESRI ArcIMS
  • OriginLab Origin
  • Geographic information system GIS software
  • Geographic resources analysis support system GRASS
  • Paleontological Statistics PAST
  • Golden Software Surfer
  • Rockware CrossLog
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Geostatistical modeling GSTAT software
  • Red Rock DeltaGraph
  • RockWare GRADIX
  • Geosoft DAP server
  • MineSight
  • Geosoft Oasis montaj
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Geographic information system GIS systems
  • Systat Software SigmaStat
  • Microsoft Word
  • Evolution Computing EasyCAD
  • Seismic interpretation software
  • ACD Systems Canvas
  • Waterloo Hydrogeologic FlowPath II
  • Groundwater Vistas
  • MIT OASES
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • MapInfo Professional
  • Seismic visualization software
  • Landmark VIP
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Adobe Photoshop
  • RockWare MicroMODEL
  • Geo-Logic Systems LithoTect Interpreter
  • RockWare Potent
  • Maptek Vulcan
  • MICRODEM
  • EarthWorks Downhole Explorer
  • NotebookLM (Google)
  • ESRI ArcView
  • Hydraulic earth drills
  • Atomic absorption AA spectrophotometers
  • Analog map measurers
  • Soil augers
  • High temperature laboratory ovens
  • Electron microscopes
  • Digital seismographs
  • Cathodoluminescence scopes
  • Temperature profile recorders
  • Geo/paleo picks
  • Sand grain size gauges
  • Jaw crushers
  • Mainframe computers
  • Automated core analysis systems
  • Soil samplers
  • X ray diffractometers
  • Underwater cameras
  • Abney levels
  • Altimeters
  • Multibeam echosounders
  • Plankton nets
  • Borehole cameras
  • Microscope slides
  • Ion chromatographs
  • Digitizing tablets
  • Mechanical earth drills
  • Water sampler bottles
  • Thermistor chains
  • Ultraviolet UV lamps
  • Pneumatic airscribes
  • Digital alkalinity titrators
  • Polarizing microscopes
  • Drying ovens
  • Microgravimeters
  • Motorized mortars/pestles
  • Video microscopes
  • Axes
  • Core splitters
  • Triple beam balances
  • Echosounders
  • Biological dredges
  • Rock saws
  • Argon plasma atomic emission spectroscopes
  • Mercury analyzers
  • Sieve shakers
  • Short-range radar equipment
  • Laser theodolites
  • Geological compasses
  • Gamma ray spectrometers
  • Magnetic susceptibility measurement systems
  • Mass spectrometers
  • Large-format plotters
  • Dessicators
  • Isodynamic separators
  • Seismic stations
  • Pocket magnetic susceptibility meters
  • Optical compound microscopes
  • Vertical sketchmasters
  • Degaussing wands
  • Towed sonars
  • Mapping dividers
  • X ray fluorescence spectrometers
  • Planimeters
  • Impulse magnetizers
  • Agitators
  • Petrographic microscopes
  • Clinometers
  • Digital map measurers
  • Winches
  • Magnetic susceptibility/temperature systems
  • Dissolved oxygen meters
  • Ground penetrating radar GPR
  • Rotary grinders
  • Personal computers
  • Protractors
  • Submicron particle size analyzers
  • Powered rock-coring drills
  • Mapping scale sets
  • Reverse osmosis systems
  • Water level recorders
  • Pocket transits
  • Electronic toploading balances
  • Chromatographic scanners
  • Total stations
  • Sediment samplers
  • Centrifuges
  • Gamma ray scintillometers
  • Pry bars
  • Geophones
  • Rock magnetometers
  • Radiation detectors
  • Fusion fluxes
  • Electrical conductivity cells
  • Thermal specimen demagnitizers
  • Laser printers
  • Stereoscopes
  • Fluid inclusion microscopes
  • Microsplitters
  • Notebook computers
  • Crack hammers
  • Computed tomography CT scanners
  • Electronic bench scales
  • Bottom sampling equipment
  • Hand levels
  • Fume hoods
  • Illuminated microscopes
  • Rangefinders
  • Water current meters
  • Mobile wireless handheld communication devices
  • Soft face hammers
  • Underwater sediment bearing strength probes
  • Laser rangefinders
  • Gravity meters
  • Digital cameras
  • Test sieves
  • Colorimeters
  • Brunauer-Emmett-Teller BET surface area analyzers
  • Desktop computers
  • Penetrometers
  • Chisel hammers
  • Ultrasonic sieve cleaners
  • Global positioning system GPS receivers
  • pH meters
  • Geological stratum compasses
  • Seismographs
  • One-atmosphere furnaces
  • Roto torque mixers
  • X ray fluorescence XRF lead detectors
  • Laboratory rock pulverizers
  • Tubular water samplers
  • Side scan sonars
  • Sun compasses
  • Carbon analyzers
  • Rock picks
  • Scanners
  • Electrical conductivity meters
  • Sediment piston corers
  • Digitizers
  • Tube samplers
  • Rotoevaporators
  • Tree corers
  • Stereo microscopes
  • Seismic activity recorders
  • All terrain vehicles ATV
  • Magnetic susceptibility/anisotropy systems
  • Electron microprobes
  • Portable organic vapor analyzers
  • Long range radar equipment
  • Earth resistivity meters
  • Rock chisels
  • Hand magnifying lenses
  • Vibrating sample magnetometers
  • Alternating field demagnitizers