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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Rocket Scientist” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #175 of 702. Estimated risk: 10.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as unlikely to be automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

60%

“Rocket Scientist” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 60% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

28%

“Rocket Scientist” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 28% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Physicists, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Conduct research into physical phenomena, develop theories on the basis of observation and experiments, and devise methods to apply physical laws and theories.

Avg. Annual Salary $166,000
Avg. Hourly Wage $79.81
Available Jobs (US) 21,340
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Physicists #19-2012
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Physicists”

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Related Occupations & Automation Risk

Economists

AI Risk 63%
Robot Risk 15%

Biochemists and Biophysicists

AI Risk 62%
Robot Risk 47%

Industrial Ecologists

AI Risk 61%
Robot Risk 23%

Geographers

AI Risk 61%
Robot Risk 28%

Environmental Economists

AI Risk 61%
Robot Risk 18%

Atmospheric and Space Scientists

AI Risk 61%
Robot Risk 28%

Core Skills & Abilities

  • Write research proposals to receive funding.

  • Design computer simulations to model physical data so that it can be better understood.

  • Teach physics to students.

  • Describe and express observations and conclusions in mathematical terms.

  • Develop theories and laws on the basis of observation and experiments, and apply these theories and laws to problems in areas such as nuclear energy, optics, and aerospace technology.

  • Report experimental results by writing papers for scientific journals or by presenting information at scientific conferences.

  • Collaborate with other scientists in the design, development, and testing of experimental, industrial, or medical equipment, instrumentation, and procedures.

  • Perform complex calculations as part of the analysis and evaluation of data, using computers.

  • Analyze data from research conducted to detect and measure physical phenomena.

  • Observe the structure and properties of matter, and the transformation and propagation of energy, using equipment such as masers, lasers, and telescopes, to explore and identify the basic principles governing these phenomena.

Technologies & Software

  • Elicit
  • Maplesoft Maple
  • Gnuplot
  • National Instruments LabVIEW
  • Eclipse IDE
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Oracle Database
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • COMSOL Multiphysics
  • Oracle Java
  • Puppet
  • SQLite
  • Statistical software
  • RibbonSoft QCad
  • Semantic Scholar AI
  • Python
  • Microsoft Excel
  • NotebookLM (Google)
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Microsoft Azure software
  • Extensible markup language XML
  • Scite AI
  • Vector Fields OPERA-3d
  • Scribus
  • Database application software
  • Software development tools
  • VMware
  • Ansible software
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Aptech Systems GAUSS
  • CERN Physics Analysis Workstation PAW
  • C
  • Spectroscopy software
  • GNU Octave
  • Microsoft Windows
  • MySQL
  • Canu
  • JavaScript
  • OpenStack
  • Formula translation/translator FORTRAN
  • Systat Software SigmaPlot
  • SciLab
  • Mathsoft Mathcad
  • Microsoft Office software
  • The MathWorks MATLAB
  • C++
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Enterprise resource planning ERP system
  • DeepSeek
  • Adobe Photoshop
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Microsoft Visual J++
  • Wolfram Research Mathematica
  • RSI interactive data language IDL software
  • xv
  • REDUCE
  • Dose modeling software
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Criss Software XRF11
  • Synergy Software KaleidaGraph
  • Radiation dose calculation software
  • Spectral Dynamics STAR
  • OriginLab Origin
  • Perl
  • Microsoft Access
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Consensus
  • Video analysis software
  • Ploticus
  • Microsoft Word
  • Lenox Softworks VideoPoint
  • SciGraphica
  • Gemini (Google)
  • GNU Image Manipulation Program GIMP
  • Xfig
  • Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System EPICS
  • Autodesk AutoCAD
  • Adobe Audition
  • Linux
  • Amazon Web Services AWS software
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Grok (xAI)
  • CERN ROOT
  • Sun Microsystems Java
  • UNIX
  • Perplexity AI
  • Git
  • Pascal
  • Mistral AI (chat/models)
  • Microsoft Visual Studio
  • Personal computers
  • Light scattering devices
  • Diode lasers
  • Geiger-Muller counters
  • Two-channel dynamic signal analyzers
  • Vernier force sensors
  • Laboratory tube furnaces
  • Atomic force microscopes
  • X ray photoemission spectrometers
  • Vibrating sample magnetometers
  • Digital oscilloscopes
  • High-energy accelerators
  • Laboratory box furnaces
  • Pulsed nitrogen lasers
  • Laboratory electromagnets
  • Neutron detectors
  • Particle counters
  • Cyclotrons
  • Zeeman split lasers
  • Microwave interferometers
  • Multiple diode lasers
  • Signal generators
  • Helium refrigerators
  • Pinhole filters
  • Magnetic force microscopes
  • Analog sound level meters
  • Vacuum stations
  • Magnetic resonance imaging MRI systems
  • Helium lasers
  • Photometer
  • Turbo-pumped vacuum systems
  • Conditioning amplifiers
  • Double monochromators
  • Spectrum analyzers
  • Interferometers
  • Scintillation probes
  • Leak detection equipment
  • Argon ion lasers
  • Digital plotters
  • Desktop computers
  • Galvanostats
  • Transmission electron microscopes TEM
  • Two-channel fast Fourier transform FFT analyzers
  • Spectrophotometers
  • High vacuum equipment
  • Computed tomography CT scanners
  • High-speed video cameras
  • Radiofrequency RF generators
  • Gas chromatography GC injectors
  • Friction-force microscopes
  • Programmable phase modulators
  • Photodetectors
  • Measuring microscopes
  • Mickelson interferometers
  • Atomic absorption AA spectrometers
  • Analytical balances
  • Sound intensity probes
  • Atomic emission detectors AED
  • Spring scales
  • Cavity dumpers or drivers
  • Optical tweezers
  • Safety goggles
  • Power amplifiers
  • Arbitrary function generators
  • Analog frequency analyzers
  • Optical choppers
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR spectroscopes
  • Visible spectrometers
  • Cryostats
  • Gas chromatography equipment
  • Optical tables
  • Portable fast Fourier transform FFT analyzers
  • X ray crystallography equipment
  • High intensity UV sources
  • Optical detectors
  • Big G torsion balances
  • Pistonphones
  • Photon counting systems
  • Betatrons
  • Scanning monochromators
  • Digital multimeters
  • Scanning electron microscopes SEM
  • Monochromators
  • Annealing furnaces
  • Ionization chambers
  • Digital sound level meters
  • Fourier transform infrared FTIR spectrometers
  • Optical beamsplitting devices
  • Diffusion pumps
  • Laser power meters
  • Headspace autosamplers
  • Single frequency dye lasers
  • Liquid helium level sensors
  • Laptop computers
  • Radiation detecting film badges
  • Grating monochromators
  • Vibration exciters
  • Diffusion-pumped vacuum systems
  • Positive ion accelerators
  • Digital voltmeters DVM
  • Nanovoltmeters
  • Surface profilometers
  • Gaussmeters
  • Semiconductor parameter analyzers
  • Function generators
  • Isotope ratio mass spectrometers
  • Mass spectrometers
  • Scanning tunneling microscopes STM
  • Two-channel network analyzers
  • Linear accelerators
  • Electron microscopes
  • Telescopes
  • High-resolution spectrometers
  • Charge-coupled device CCD cameras
  • Prism spectrometers
  • Gamma ray spectrometers
  • Thermoluminescent dosimeters
  • Accelerometers
  • Laboratory centrifugal pumps
  • High-resolution semiconductor detectors
  • Capacitance bridges

Alternative Job Titles