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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Rocket Scientist” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #175 of 702. Estimated risk: 10.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as unlikely to be automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

60%

“Rocket Scientist” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 60% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

28%

“Rocket Scientist” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 28% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Physicists, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Conduct research into physical phenomena, develop theories on the basis of observation and experiments, and devise methods to apply physical laws and theories.

Avg. Annual Salary $166,000
Avg. Hourly Wage $79.81
Available Jobs (US) 21,340
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Physicists #19-2012
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Physicists”

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Related Occupations & Automation Risk

Economists

AI Risk 63%
Robot Risk 15%

Biochemists and Biophysicists

AI Risk 62%
Robot Risk 47%

Industrial Ecologists

AI Risk 61%
Robot Risk 23%

Geographers

AI Risk 61%
Robot Risk 28%

Environmental Economists

AI Risk 61%
Robot Risk 18%

Atmospheric and Space Scientists

AI Risk 61%
Robot Risk 28%

Core Skills & Abilities

  • Report experimental results by writing papers for scientific journals or by presenting information at scientific conferences.

  • Teach physics to students.

  • Observe the structure and properties of matter, and the transformation and propagation of energy, using equipment such as masers, lasers, and telescopes, to explore and identify the basic principles governing these phenomena.

  • Perform complex calculations as part of the analysis and evaluation of data, using computers.

  • Collaborate with other scientists in the design, development, and testing of experimental, industrial, or medical equipment, instrumentation, and procedures.

  • Write research proposals to receive funding.

  • Analyze data from research conducted to detect and measure physical phenomena.

  • Develop theories and laws on the basis of observation and experiments, and apply these theories and laws to problems in areas such as nuclear energy, optics, and aerospace technology.

  • Describe and express observations and conclusions in mathematical terms.

  • Design computer simulations to model physical data so that it can be better understood.

Technologies & Software

  • Python
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • DeepSeek
  • OriginLab Origin
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Autodesk AutoCAD
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Video analysis software
  • The MathWorks MATLAB
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Statistical software
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Database application software
  • Criss Software XRF11
  • REDUCE
  • Oracle Java
  • GNU Octave
  • Scribus
  • NotebookLM (Google)
  • xv
  • Eclipse IDE
  • Dose modeling software
  • CERN ROOT
  • Ploticus
  • SciLab
  • Wolfram Research Mathematica
  • Spectral Dynamics STAR
  • Synergy Software KaleidaGraph
  • SQLite
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Microsoft Access
  • Puppet
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Microsoft Visual J++
  • Sun Microsystems Java
  • UNIX
  • Microsoft Azure software
  • GNU Image Manipulation Program GIMP
  • Mistral AI (chat/models)
  • Xfig
  • Linux
  • Microsoft Visual Studio
  • OpenStack
  • Aptech Systems GAUSS
  • Microsoft Word
  • Gnuplot
  • Elicit
  • C
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Perplexity AI
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • RSI interactive data language IDL software
  • Consensus
  • Semantic Scholar AI
  • RibbonSoft QCad
  • Software development tools
  • Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System EPICS
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Spectroscopy software
  • C++
  • Scite AI
  • MySQL
  • Amazon Web Services AWS software
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Canu
  • Extensible markup language XML
  • COMSOL Multiphysics
  • Pascal
  • JavaScript
  • Ansible software
  • National Instruments LabVIEW
  • Systat Software SigmaPlot
  • SciGraphica
  • Vector Fields OPERA-3d
  • Enterprise resource planning ERP system
  • Radiation dose calculation software
  • CERN Physics Analysis Workstation PAW
  • Gemini (Google)
  • Formula translation/translator FORTRAN
  • Adobe Audition
  • VMware
  • Adobe Photoshop
  • Lenox Softworks VideoPoint
  • Mathsoft Mathcad
  • Git
  • Maplesoft Maple
  • Perl
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Oracle Database
  • Laboratory electromagnets
  • Function generators
  • Isotope ratio mass spectrometers
  • Neutron detectors
  • Monochromators
  • Two-channel network analyzers
  • Scanning electron microscopes SEM
  • Vacuum stations
  • Desktop computers
  • Annealing furnaces
  • Single frequency dye lasers
  • Transmission electron microscopes TEM
  • Laser power meters
  • Gaussmeters
  • Grating monochromators
  • High-resolution semiconductor detectors
  • Friction-force microscopes
  • Magnetic force microscopes
  • Liquid helium level sensors
  • Accelerometers
  • Digital multimeters
  • Arbitrary function generators
  • Signal generators
  • Spectrophotometers
  • Pinhole filters
  • High intensity UV sources
  • Thermoluminescent dosimeters
  • Zeeman split lasers
  • Atomic absorption AA spectrometers
  • Analog frequency analyzers
  • Light scattering devices
  • Diffusion pumps
  • Diode lasers
  • Atomic emission detectors AED
  • Visible spectrometers
  • Atomic force microscopes
  • Gas chromatography equipment
  • Pulsed nitrogen lasers
  • Ionization chambers
  • Charge-coupled device CCD cameras
  • Particle counters
  • Optical tables
  • Electron microscopes
  • Computed tomography CT scanners
  • Analog sound level meters
  • High-speed video cameras
  • Safety goggles
  • Galvanostats
  • Argon ion lasers
  • Positive ion accelerators
  • Leak detection equipment
  • Digital sound level meters
  • Vibration exciters
  • Portable fast Fourier transform FFT analyzers
  • Headspace autosamplers
  • Personal computers
  • Geiger-Muller counters
  • Radiofrequency RF generators
  • Helium lasers
  • Laboratory tube furnaces
  • Prism spectrometers
  • Diffusion-pumped vacuum systems
  • Power amplifiers
  • Scanning tunneling microscopes STM
  • Laboratory box furnaces
  • Cavity dumpers or drivers
  • Vibrating sample magnetometers
  • Two-channel dynamic signal analyzers
  • Fourier transform infrared FTIR spectrometers
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR spectroscopes
  • Two-channel fast Fourier transform FFT analyzers
  • Gas chromatography GC injectors
  • Interferometers
  • Laboratory centrifugal pumps
  • Analytical balances
  • Magnetic resonance imaging MRI systems
  • Conditioning amplifiers
  • Photometer
  • High-energy accelerators
  • Semiconductor parameter analyzers
  • Optical tweezers
  • Scintillation probes
  • Measuring microscopes
  • Capacitance bridges
  • X ray photoemission spectrometers
  • Laptop computers
  • Digital plotters
  • Mickelson interferometers
  • Telescopes
  • Microwave interferometers
  • High-resolution spectrometers
  • Helium refrigerators
  • Cryostats
  • Scanning monochromators
  • Betatrons
  • Radiation detecting film badges
  • Cyclotrons
  • Spring scales
  • X ray crystallography equipment
  • Mass spectrometers
  • Photon counting systems
  • Linear accelerators
  • High vacuum equipment
  • Double monochromators
  • Optical detectors
  • Spectrum analyzers
  • Digital oscilloscopes
  • Turbo-pumped vacuum systems
  • Surface profilometers
  • Optical choppers
  • Programmable phase modulators
  • Vernier force sensors
  • Nanovoltmeters
  • Multiple diode lasers
  • Pistonphones
  • Optical beamsplitting devices
  • Photodetectors
  • Big G torsion balances
  • Sound intensity probes
  • Digital voltmeters DVM
  • Gamma ray spectrometers

Alternative Job Titles