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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Accountant” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Accountant” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Accountant” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

Technologies & Software

  • CashFlow Guardian
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Microsoft Word
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Delphi Technology
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Epic Systems
  • Accounts payable software
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Teradata Database
  • ACCUCert
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Oracle Database
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Google Docs
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • BizBench
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Asset management software
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Alteryx software
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • Practice management software PMS
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • SAS
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Tableau
  • Swift
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Tableau AI
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • General ledger software
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Audit management software
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • Microsoft Access
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Lawson ERP
  • Meta Business AI
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • SAP software
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Invoice software
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • Data entry software
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Microsoft Works
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • SAP Concur
  • DeepSeek
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Estate planning software
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Google Sheets
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Planful AI
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • Financial Competence
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Gemini (Google)
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Accounting software
  • DataRobot
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Financial reporting software
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Tax software
  • Billing software
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Yardi software
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Eko
  • CPSI EHR System
  • FileMaker Pro
  • Accurate NXG
  • Payroll software
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Microsoft Project
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Salesforce software
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Document management system software
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • MEDITECH software
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Apache Solr
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Financial statement software
  • Recovery audit software
  • Google Slides
  • TopCAATs
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Cost accounting software
  • Workday software
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Alteryx AI
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Fund accounting software
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • H&R Block Tax
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Data extraction software
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Database software
  • Datavantage
  • Abacus Tax
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Napkin AI
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • UNIX
  • LexisNexis
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • TimeValue software
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Perplexity AI
  • Internal audit software
  • IBM Notes
  • Client billing software
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Sage HRMS
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • R
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Laptop computers
  • Desktop computers
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Scanners
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Notebook computers
  • Personal computers
  • 10-key calculators
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Tablet computers
  • Photocopying equipment