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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Accountant” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Accountant” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Accountant” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

Technologies & Software

  • Alteryx AI
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • TopCAATs
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Fund accounting software
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Planful AI
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Microsoft Access
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Document management system software
  • Asset management software
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Delphi Technology
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Microsoft Project
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Eko
  • LexisNexis
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Tableau
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Workday software
  • Epic Systems
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Billing software
  • Accurate NXG
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Data extraction software
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Meta Business AI
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Microsoft Works
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Payroll software
  • Accounts payable software
  • Apache Solr
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • BizBench
  • Invoice software
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Perplexity AI
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Microsoft FRx
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • Salesforce software
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • R
  • SAP Business Objects
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Teradata Database
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Internal audit software
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • Data entry software
  • Financial reporting software
  • Tableau AI
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Google Sheets
  • Google Docs
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • IBM Notes
  • Gemini (Google)
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • OSI TrustWise
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • UNIX
  • DeepSeek
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Client billing software
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • General ledger software
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • Database software
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Financial statement software
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • MEDITECH software
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Lawson ERP
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • CPSI EHR System
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Microsoft Word
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • Estate planning software
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Financial Competence
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Oracle Database
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Tax software
  • Swift
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Datavantage
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Accounting software
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • ACCUCert
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Audit management software
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Sage HRMS
  • Napkin AI
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • SAP Concur
  • Yardi software
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Alteryx software
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • SAS
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Abacus Tax
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • FileMaker Pro
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • DataRobot
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • TimeValue software
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • SAP software
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Google Slides
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Recovery audit software
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Cost accounting software
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Scanners
  • Notebook computers
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Personal computers
  • 10-key calculators
  • Desktop computers
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Laptop computers
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Tablet computers