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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “General Ledger Accountant” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“General Ledger Accountant” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“General Ledger Accountant” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

Technologies & Software

  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Internal audit software
  • Napkin AI
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Invoice software
  • Microsoft Access
  • Practice management software PMS
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Microsoft Project
  • Grok (xAI)
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Google Slides
  • SAP software
  • Audit management software
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Data entry software
  • Accurate NXG
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Gemini (Google)
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Yardi software
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • TimeValue software
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Data extraction software
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Delphi Technology
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • Financial statement software
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Meta Business AI
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Financial reporting software
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • ACCUCert
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Apache Solr
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • SAS
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Fund accounting software
  • Financial Competence
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • DataRobot
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Sage HRMS
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Workday software
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • Lawson ERP
  • FileMaker Pro
  • UNIX
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • LexisNexis
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Billing software
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Tableau AI
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Google Docs
  • Tax software
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Llama (Meta)
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Abacus Tax
  • Microsoft Word
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Cost accounting software
  • BizBench
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • DeepSeek
  • Payroll software
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Document management system software
  • Microsoft Office software
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • R
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • Teradata Database
  • Google Sheets
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Accounting software
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Alteryx AI
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Accounts payable software
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Salesforce software
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • TopCAATs
  • Tableau
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Epic Systems
  • Recovery audit software
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Estate planning software
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Planful AI
  • Client billing software
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Accounting compliance software
  • MEDITECH software
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • CPSI EHR System
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • Microsoft FRx
  • General ledger software
  • Microsoft Works
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Database software
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Swift
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • SAP Concur
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Asset management software
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Eko
  • Alteryx software
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • IBM Notes
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Perplexity AI
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Datavantage
  • Oracle Database
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Personal computers
  • Tablet computers
  • Laptop computers
  • Computer data input scanners
  • 10-key calculators
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Desktop computers
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Scanners
  • Notebook computers
  • Laser facsimile machines