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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “City Auditor” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“City Auditor” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“City Auditor” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

Technologies & Software

  • Spreadsheet software
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Accounts receivable software
  • MEDITECH software
  • Salesforce software
  • Teradata Database
  • Accounting compliance software
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Alteryx AI
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • DataRobot
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Invoice software
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • Perplexity AI
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • BizBench
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Swift
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Google Docs
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Workday software
  • SAS
  • Napkin AI
  • Microsoft Excel
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Audit management software
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Planful AI
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Eko
  • Apache Solr
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Internal audit software
  • Datavantage
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Sage HRMS
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Delphi Technology
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Financial reporting software
  • SAP software
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Billing software
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Fund accounting software
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Financial statement software
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • TopCAATs
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Document management system software
  • General ledger software
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Accurate NXG
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Recovery audit software
  • Client billing software
  • Google Sheets
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • DeepSeek
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • TimeValue software
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Epic Systems
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Sage MAS 500
  • SAP Concur
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Cost accounting software
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • Asset management software
  • IBM Notes
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Yardi software
  • CPSI EHR System
  • Abacus Tax
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Data entry software
  • FileMaker Pro
  • ACCUCert
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • LexisNexis
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Estate planning software
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Financial Competence
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Microsoft Project
  • Microsoft FRx
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Microsoft Word
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • R
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Lawson ERP
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Accounting software
  • UNIX
  • Database software
  • Gemini (Google)
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Microsoft Works
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Data extraction software
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Tableau
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Tax software
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Microsoft Access
  • Oracle Database
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Tableau AI
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Meta Business AI
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Alteryx software
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • Accounts payable software
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • Payroll software
  • Google Slides
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Laptop computers
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Desktop computers
  • 10-key calculators
  • Personal computers
  • Notebook computers
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Tablet computers
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Scanners
  • Personal digital assistants PDA