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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Tax Professional” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Tax Professional” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Tax Professional” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

Technologies & Software

  • Epic Systems
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Audit management software
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Data extraction software
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • FileMaker Pro
  • Datavantage
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • SAP Business Objects
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • BizBench
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Spreadsheet software
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Financial statement software
  • Alteryx AI
  • Internal audit software
  • DataRobot
  • Workday software
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Gemini (Google)
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • DeepSeek
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • General ledger software
  • Fund accounting software
  • Abacus Tax
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Oracle Database
  • Invoice software
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Accounting software
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • LexisNexis
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • R
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Sage HRMS
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Accurate NXG
  • Microsoft Word
  • Accounting compliance software
  • ACCUCert
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Cost accounting software
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • IBM Notes
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Tableau AI
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Apache Solr
  • Salesforce software
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • Microsoft Windows
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • SAS
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Financial reporting software
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Document management system software
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Google Slides
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Billing software
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • UNIX
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • MEDITECH software
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Alteryx software
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Eko
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Microsoft Project
  • Google Sheets
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Microsoft Access
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • TopCAATs
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Financial Competence
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Payroll software
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Teradata Database
  • Planful AI
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • SAP Concur
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Napkin AI
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Swift
  • Estate planning software
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Perplexity AI
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • Lawson ERP
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Accounts receivable software
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • Asset management software
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Tableau
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Google Docs
  • Delphi Technology
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Recovery audit software
  • CPSI EHR System
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Tax software
  • Database software
  • Client billing software
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Microsoft Works
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • SAP software
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Data entry software
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • TimeValue software
  • Yardi software
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Accounts payable software
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Meta Business AI
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • 10-key calculators
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Tablet computers
  • Personal computers
  • Desktop computers
  • Notebook computers
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Laptop computers
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Scanners