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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Tax Professional” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Tax Professional” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Tax Professional” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

Technologies & Software

  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Tableau
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • Billing software
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • DataRobot
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Asset management software
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Teradata Database
  • Estate planning software
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Google Sheets
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Meta Business AI
  • Audit management software
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Tableau AI
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • R
  • Recovery audit software
  • ACCUCert
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Data extraction software
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Invoice software
  • Apache Solr
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Microsoft Project
  • Sage HRMS
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Yardi software
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Gemini (Google)
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Microsoft Works
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Napkin AI
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • TimeValue software
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Document management system software
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • FileMaker Pro
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • Data entry software
  • Delphi Technology
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • BizBench
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Financial statement software
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Accurate NXG
  • Planful AI
  • DeepSeek
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Payroll software
  • General ledger software
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Eko
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Fund accounting software
  • UNIX
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Financial Competence
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • MEDITECH software
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Alteryx AI
  • Lawson ERP
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Cost accounting software
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Google Slides
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Oracle Database
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Accounting software
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Google Docs
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Client billing software
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Perplexity AI
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Datavantage
  • Internal audit software
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Abacus Tax
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • SAP Concur
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Microsoft Word
  • SAS
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Workday software
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • LexisNexis
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Financial reporting software
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Database software
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Microsoft Visio
  • IBM Notes
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Epic Systems
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Accounts payable software
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Alteryx software
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Tax software
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Microsoft Access
  • SAP software
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Swift
  • TopCAATs
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Salesforce software
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • CPSI EHR System
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Scanners
  • Tablet computers
  • Laptop computers
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Notebook computers
  • Personal computers
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • 10-key calculators
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Desktop computers