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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Railroad Auditor” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Railroad Auditor” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Railroad Auditor” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

Technologies & Software

  • Microsoft Copilot
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • Tax software
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Cost accounting software
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Yardi software
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Financial Competence
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • R
  • Client billing software
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • SAS
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • BizBench
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • SAP Concur
  • Payroll software
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • IBM Notes
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Datavantage
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • DeepSeek
  • Data extraction software
  • Microsoft Works
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Oracle Database
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Planful AI
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • SAP software
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Estate planning software
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Invoice software
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Sage HRMS
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • CPSI EHR System
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Data entry software
  • Apache Solr
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Gemini (Google)
  • Llama (Meta)
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Google Sheets
  • Google Docs
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Asset management software
  • Financial statement software
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Microsoft Access
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • SAP Business Objects
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Microsoft Word
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Meta Business AI
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • OSI TrustWise
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Internal audit software
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Salesforce software
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Accurate NXG
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • TopCAATs
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Abacus Tax
  • Epic Systems
  • FileMaker Pro
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Billing software
  • Practice management software PMS
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Microsoft Excel
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • General ledger software
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Teradata Database
  • Document management system software
  • Alteryx AI
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Database software
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Eko
  • Audit management software
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Alteryx software
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • TimeValue software
  • Delphi Technology
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • MEDITECH software
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Workday software
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • LexisNexis
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Google Slides
  • Tableau AI
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • Microsoft Project
  • Lawson ERP
  • UNIX
  • Accounting software
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Napkin AI
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Fund accounting software
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Accounts payable software
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • ACCUCert
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Swift
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Tableau
  • Recovery audit software
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • DataRobot
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Financial reporting software
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Perplexity AI
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Notebook computers
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Scanners
  • 10-key calculators
  • Desktop computers
  • Personal computers
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Laptop computers
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Tablet computers