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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Bursar” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Bursar” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Bursar” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

Technologies & Software

  • Asset management software
  • Cost accounting software
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Google Slides
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Database software
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Recovery audit software
  • Tableau AI
  • Planful AI
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • General ledger software
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • Meta Business AI
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Sage HRMS
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • MEDITECH software
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Napkin AI
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • BizBench
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Data entry software
  • LexisNexis
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Financial Competence
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • FileMaker Pro
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Alteryx AI
  • NetSuite ERP
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Client billing software
  • Workday software
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Data extraction software
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Oracle Database
  • Google Sheets
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Payroll software
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Fund accounting software
  • Accounts payable software
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • DataRobot
  • Swift
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Alteryx software
  • Billing software
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Microsoft Office software
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Google Docs
  • ACCUCert
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Delphi Technology
  • Estate planning software
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • CPSI EHR System
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Document management system software
  • Accounting software
  • Internal audit software
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • IBM Notes
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Accurate NXG
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Gemini (Google)
  • SAS
  • DeepSeek
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Abacus Tax
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Financial statement software
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Eko
  • Invoice software
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • Microsoft Access
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Financial reporting software
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Apache Solr
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Lawson ERP
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Tableau
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Audit management software
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • UNIX
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Yardi software
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Structured query language SQL
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • Llama (Meta)
  • TopCAATs
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Datavantage
  • SAP Concur
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Perplexity AI
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Palisade @Risk
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Microsoft Word
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Microsoft Project
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Microsoft Works
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Teradata Database
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Tax software
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • TimeValue software
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • SAP software
  • Salesforce software
  • Grok (xAI)
  • R
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Epic Systems
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Laptop computers
  • 10-key calculators
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Desktop computers
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Personal computers
  • Scanners
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Notebook computers
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Tablet computers