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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Bursar” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Bursar” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Bursar” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

Technologies & Software

  • Gemini (Google)
  • Microsoft Project
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Grok (xAI)
  • SAP Concur
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Google Slides
  • Payroll software
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • FileMaker Pro
  • MEDITECH software
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Internal audit software
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • TopCAATs
  • Yardi software
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Sage MAS 500
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • SAP Business Objects
  • R
  • Data extraction software
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • Workday software
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Asset management software
  • Epic Systems
  • Oracle Database
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • Accounts payable software
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Datavantage
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • IBM Notes
  • Eko
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Estate planning software
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Tableau AI
  • Llama (Meta)
  • UNIX
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Delphi Technology
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Client billing software
  • Fund accounting software
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Lawson ERP
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Financial Competence
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Data entry software
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • DataRobot
  • ACCUCert
  • Perplexity AI
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Google Docs
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Abacus Tax
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Swift
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Structured query language SQL
  • BizBench
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • General ledger software
  • Recovery audit software
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Apache Solr
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • Financial statement software
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Database software
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Alteryx AI
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • SAP software
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Planful AI
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Accounting compliance software
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • LexisNexis
  • OSI TrustWise
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Teradata Database
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • TimeValue software
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Google Sheets
  • Document management system software
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Cost accounting software
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Salesforce software
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Accounting software
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Microsoft Works
  • Alteryx software
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Meta Business AI
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • CPSI EHR System
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • Accounts receivable software
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • SAS
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Accurate NXG
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Napkin AI
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Sage HRMS
  • Tax software
  • Invoice software
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Audit management software
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Microsoft Word
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Financial reporting software
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • Microsoft FRx
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • DeepSeek
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Tableau
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • H&R Block Tax
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Microsoft Access
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Billing software
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • Notebook computers
  • Personal computers
  • Desktop computers
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Tablet computers
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Laptop computers
  • 10-key calculators
  • Scanners