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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Bursar” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Bursar” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Bursar” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

Technologies & Software

  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Lawson ERP
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Google Slides
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • TimeValue software
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • Alteryx AI
  • Datavantage
  • SAP Concur
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • UNIX
  • LexisNexis
  • Meta Business AI
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Google Docs
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Database software
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Sage HRMS
  • SAP software
  • Oracle Database
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Client billing software
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • R
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • Recovery audit software
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • Sage MAS 500
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • DeepSeek
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Google Sheets
  • Alteryx software
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • General ledger software
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • DataRobot
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • SAS
  • Invoice software
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Fund accounting software
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Microsoft Access
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Microsoft Word
  • Delphi Technology
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • NetSuite ERP
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Swift
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Perplexity AI
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Workday software
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Yardi software
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Asset management software
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Planful AI
  • Eko
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Medical condition coding software
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Cost accounting software
  • Internal audit software
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Tableau AI
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • MEDITECH software
  • Structured query language SQL
  • FileMaker Pro
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Tax software
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Data entry software
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Financial reporting software
  • Apache Solr
  • Salesforce software
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • CPSI EHR System
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • H&R Block Tax
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • IBM Notes
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Data extraction software
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Gemini (Google)
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Epic Systems
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • Billing software
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Microsoft Works
  • Accurate NXG
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Microsoft Project
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • BizBench
  • Document management system software
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Teradata Database
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • ACCUCert
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Payroll software
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Audit management software
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Estate planning software
  • Abacus Tax
  • Accounting software
  • Napkin AI
  • Practice management software PMS
  • TopCAATs
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Accounts payable software
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Financial Competence
  • Financial statement software
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Tableau
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Personal computers
  • Tablet computers
  • Photocopying equipment
  • 10-key calculators
  • Desktop computers
  • Scanners
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Laptop computers
  • Notebook computers