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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Bursar” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Bursar” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Bursar” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Process invoices for payment.

Technologies & Software

  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • SAP software
  • Yardi software
  • TopCAATs
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Financial reporting software
  • Sage HRMS
  • Cost accounting software
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Abacus Tax
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Datavantage
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • Eko
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Billing software
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • Google Sheets
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Microsoft Windows
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Salesforce software
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • DataRobot
  • MEDITECH software
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Invoice software
  • Accounts payable software
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • SAS
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Planful AI
  • Document management system software
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Accounting software
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • FileMaker Pro
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • NetSuite ERP
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • SAP Concur
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Swift
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Teradata Database
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Perplexity AI
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Lawson ERP
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Microsoft Access
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Accurate NXG
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Tableau AI
  • Workday software
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • Palisade @Risk
  • DeepSeek
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Alteryx software
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Data entry software
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Payroll software
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • H&R Block Tax
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • UNIX
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Financial Competence
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Tableau
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • Delphi Technology
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • LexisNexis
  • Asset management software
  • Epic Systems
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Database software
  • General ledger software
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Financial statement software
  • CPSI EHR System
  • Llama (Meta)
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Microsoft Works
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • BizBench
  • Alteryx AI
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Client billing software
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • R
  • Napkin AI
  • Meta Business AI
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Tax software
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Microsoft Word
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • TimeValue software
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Google Docs
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Fund accounting software
  • Gemini (Google)
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Data extraction software
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • IBM Notes
  • Estate planning software
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Oracle Database
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • Recovery audit software
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Microsoft Project
  • Apache Solr
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Internal audit software
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • ACCUCert
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Audit management software
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Medical condition coding software
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Google Slides
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Microsoft Excel
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Desktop computers
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Notebook computers
  • Laptop computers
  • 10-key calculators
  • Personal computers
  • Tablet computers
  • Scanners
  • Personal digital assistants PDA