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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Railroad Accountant” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Railroad Accountant” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Railroad Accountant” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

Technologies & Software

  • Spreadsheet software
  • Salesforce software
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • Client billing software
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Google Sheets
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • Oracle Database
  • Estate planning software
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • TimeValue software
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Perplexity AI
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Payroll software
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • Delphi Technology
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Google Slides
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • Swift
  • TopCAATs
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Planful AI
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Llama (Meta)
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Invoice software
  • SAP Business Objects
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Datavantage
  • Google Docs
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Accounts payable software
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • FileMaker Pro
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Tableau AI
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Tax software
  • Eko
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • R
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • SAS
  • Tableau
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Abacus Tax
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • LexisNexis
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Meta Business AI
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • ACCUCert
  • SAP Concur
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • MEDITECH software
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Gemini (Google)
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Internal audit software
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Data extraction software
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Financial statement software
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Yardi software
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Financial reporting software
  • DataRobot
  • Microsoft Access
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Microsoft Word
  • General ledger software
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Microsoft Works
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Epic Systems
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Cost accounting software
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Microsoft Project
  • NetSuite ERP
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • DeepSeek
  • Lawson ERP
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Audit management software
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Apache Solr
  • Teradata Database
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Fund accounting software
  • Asset management software
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Database software
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • BizBench
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Napkin AI
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Sage HRMS
  • CPSI EHR System
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Workday software
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • IBM Notes
  • SAP software
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Microsoft Excel
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Billing software
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Accurate NXG
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Data entry software
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • UNIX
  • Recovery audit software
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Document management system software
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Financial Competence
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Accounting software
  • Alteryx software
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Alteryx AI
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Desktop computers
  • Tablet computers
  • Laptop computers
  • Scanners
  • Personal computers
  • Photocopying equipment
  • 10-key calculators
  • Notebook computers
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Laser facsimile machines