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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Railroad Accountant” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Railroad Accountant” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Railroad Accountant” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

Technologies & Software

  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Delphi Technology
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Planful AI
  • Accurate NXG
  • Microsoft Works
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • DeepSeek
  • General ledger software
  • Napkin AI
  • Yardi software
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Lawson ERP
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Accounting compliance software
  • IBM Notes
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • R
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Sage MAS 500
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • Billing software
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Database software
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Cost accounting software
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Financial statement software
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Fund accounting software
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Recovery audit software
  • Microsoft Excel
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Meta Business AI
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Teradata Database
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Salesforce software
  • SAP software
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Medical condition coding software
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Oracle Database
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Eko
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Estate planning software
  • Payroll software
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • Accounts payable software
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Microsoft Project
  • Tableau
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Invoice software
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Asset management software
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • BizBench
  • Apache Solr
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Alteryx software
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • Gemini (Google)
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • UNIX
  • ACCUCert
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Abacus Tax
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Financial reporting software
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • MEDITECH software
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Internal audit software
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Alteryx AI
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • SAP Concur
  • Workday software
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Data extraction software
  • FileMaker Pro
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • Google Docs
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Datavantage
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • CPSI EHR System
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Audit management software
  • SAS
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Epic Systems
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Client billing software
  • Accounting software
  • Swift
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Financial Competence
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Google Sheets
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Microsoft Word
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • TopCAATs
  • LexisNexis
  • Microsoft Access
  • Data entry software
  • Perplexity AI
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Microsoft FRx
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Tableau AI
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Llama (Meta)
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • DataRobot
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • TimeValue software
  • Sage HRMS
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Document management system software
  • Google Slides
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Tax software
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Notebook computers
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Desktop computers
  • Personal computers
  • 10-key calculators
  • Tablet computers
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Laptop computers
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Scanners
  • Photocopying equipment