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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Certified Public Accountant (CPA)” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Certified Public Accountant (CPA)” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Certified Public Accountant (CPA)” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

Technologies & Software

  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Planful AI
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • MEDITECH software
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Accounts payable software
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Document management system software
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Yardi software
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • NetSuite ERP
  • R
  • Epic Systems
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Data extraction software
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • ACCUCert
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Salesforce software
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Workday software
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • DataRobot
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • Microsoft FRx
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • DeepSeek
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Cost accounting software
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Accurate NXG
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Billing software
  • LexisNexis
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Microsoft Word
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Database software
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Microsoft Office software
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Alteryx software
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Swift
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Oracle Database
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Internal audit software
  • IBM Notes
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Abacus Tax
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Eko
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Google Slides
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Lawson ERP
  • Google Sheets
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • Apache Solr
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • Financial statement software
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Teradata Database
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Perplexity AI
  • Tableau
  • Estate planning software
  • FileMaker Pro
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • TimeValue software
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Recovery audit software
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Financial Competence
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Tax software
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Microsoft Project
  • Fund accounting software
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Client billing software
  • TopCAATs
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Financial reporting software
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Sage HRMS
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Datavantage
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Microsoft Access
  • Invoice software
  • Llama (Meta)
  • BizBench
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Audit management software
  • Alteryx AI
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Microsoft Works
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Gemini (Google)
  • Microsoft Excel
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • SAP Concur
  • Napkin AI
  • Payroll software
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • UNIX
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Meta Business AI
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • General ledger software
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Accounts receivable software
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Delphi Technology
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • SAS
  • Tableau AI
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Asset management software
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • H&R Block Tax
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Accounting software
  • SAP software
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Microsoft Visio
  • CPSI EHR System
  • Google Docs
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • Data entry software
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Tablet computers
  • Scanners
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Notebook computers
  • Personal computers
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • 10-key calculators
  • Desktop computers
  • Laptop computers
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Laser facsimile machines