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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Certified Public Accountant (CPA)” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Certified Public Accountant (CPA)” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Certified Public Accountant (CPA)” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

Technologies & Software

  • Accounting compliance software
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Salesforce software
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Audit management software
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • Google Docs
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • Data entry software
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Microsoft Project
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Structured query language SQL
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Swift
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Data extraction software
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Microsoft Works
  • Google Sheets
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • ACCUCert
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Database software
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Oracle Database
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Estate planning software
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Accounting software
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • TimeValue software
  • Accounts payable software
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Financial reporting software
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • Workday software
  • Financial Competence
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Delphi Technology
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Perplexity AI
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • IBM Notes
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Apache Solr
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Gemini (Google)
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Invoice software
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Payroll software
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Yardi software
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • Cost accounting software
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • CPSI EHR System
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Microsoft Access
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • R
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Accurate NXG
  • Abacus Tax
  • SAP Business Objects
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • BizBench
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Tax software
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Asset management software
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • DeepSeek
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • Epic Systems
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Microsoft Excel
  • MEDITECH software
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Sage HRMS
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Napkin AI
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • General ledger software
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Financial statement software
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Microsoft Word
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Google Slides
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • LexisNexis
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • SAS
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Tableau AI
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Document management system software
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Meta Business AI
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • UNIX
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Fund accounting software
  • Eko
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Spreadsheet software
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Recovery audit software
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • SAP Concur
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Planful AI
  • Palisade @Risk
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Teradata Database
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • SAP software
  • Billing software
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Medical condition coding software
  • FileMaker Pro
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • TopCAATs
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Client billing software
  • Tableau
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Sage MAS 500
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Datavantage
  • DataRobot
  • Internal audit software
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Alteryx AI
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Lawson ERP
  • Alteryx software
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Notebook computers
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Scanners
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Tablet computers
  • 10-key calculators
  • Personal computers
  • Desktop computers
  • Laptop computers