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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Tax Specialist” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Tax Specialist” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Tax Specialist” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

Technologies & Software

  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Document management system software
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Recovery audit software
  • Oracle Database
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • ACCUCert
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Data extraction software
  • Tax software
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • CPSI EHR System
  • MEDITECH software
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • Accounts payable software
  • Financial statement software
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Delphi Technology
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • DeepSeek
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • General ledger software
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Swift
  • Tableau AI
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • TopCAATs
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Google Slides
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • SAS
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • Yardi software
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Microsoft Access
  • Invoice software
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Estate planning software
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • R
  • Teradata Database
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • H&R Block Tax
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Microsoft Works
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Database software
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Abacus Tax
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Lawson ERP
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Datavantage
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • DataRobot
  • Workday software
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Tableau
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Apache Solr
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Fund accounting software
  • Grok (xAI)
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Meta Business AI
  • Payroll software
  • LexisNexis
  • Epic Systems
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Planful AI
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Accounting software
  • Client billing software
  • Internal audit software
  • Google Sheets
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Alteryx software
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Alteryx AI
  • Sage HRMS
  • UNIX
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Audit management software
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Microsoft Project
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • SAP Concur
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Asset management software
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Google Docs
  • Napkin AI
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Spreadsheet software
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Eko
  • Salesforce software
  • SAP software
  • Accounts receivable software
  • FileMaker Pro
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Microsoft Word
  • Gemini (Google)
  • TimeValue software
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • Financial Competence
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • IBM Notes
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Cost accounting software
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Perplexity AI
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Billing software
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Financial reporting software
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • BizBench
  • Accurate NXG
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Practice management software PMS
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Microsoft Visio
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Data entry software
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Personal computers
  • Tablet computers
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Notebook computers
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Desktop computers
  • Laptop computers
  • 10-key calculators
  • Scanners
  • Photocopying equipment