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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Public Accountant” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Public Accountant” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Public Accountant” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

Technologies & Software

  • Gemini (Google)
  • Document management system software
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Google Sheets
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Yardi software
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Delphi Technology
  • Palisade @Risk
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Client billing software
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • SAP software
  • IBM Notes
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • FileMaker Pro
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Microsoft Works
  • Lawson ERP
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Billing software
  • Perplexity AI
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Internal audit software
  • Swift
  • Accounts payable software
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • CPSI EHR System
  • DataRobot
  • Workday software
  • Microsoft Word
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • H&R Block Tax
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • R
  • DeepSeek
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Apache Solr
  • Oracle Database
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • SAS
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • Meta Business AI
  • Google Slides
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Sage HRMS
  • SAP Concur
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Tableau
  • Recovery audit software
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Cost accounting software
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Financial statement software
  • TopCAATs
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • UNIX
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Payroll software
  • Financial Competence
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Financial reporting software
  • Tableau AI
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • General ledger software
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Abacus Tax
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Eko
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • MEDITECH software
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Microsoft Windows
  • BizBench
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Database software
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Epic Systems
  • Audit management software
  • ACCUCert
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Salesforce software
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Alteryx software
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Medical condition coding software
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Napkin AI
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Alteryx AI
  • Invoice software
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • TimeValue software
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Fund accounting software
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Datavantage
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Planful AI
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Accounting software
  • Microsoft Access
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Asset management software
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Accurate NXG
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Estate planning software
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Microsoft Project
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Tax software
  • Teradata Database
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Data extraction software
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • LexisNexis
  • Google Docs
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Data entry software
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Scanners
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Laptop computers
  • 10-key calculators
  • Personal computers
  • Tablet computers
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Desktop computers
  • Notebook computers
  • Computer data input scanners