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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Public Accountant” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Public Accountant” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Public Accountant” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

Technologies & Software

  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • DeepSeek
  • Recovery audit software
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • MEDITECH software
  • Microsoft Excel
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • Google Slides
  • Epic Systems
  • Meta Business AI
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • FileMaker Pro
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • Sage HRMS
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Client billing software
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Financial Competence
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Tableau AI
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Yardi software
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Tax software
  • Delphi Technology
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Fund accounting software
  • Microsoft Works
  • R
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Google Docs
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Planful AI
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • General ledger software
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Data entry software
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • SAS
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Accurate NXG
  • Estate planning software
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • Swift
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • BizBench
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • DataRobot
  • Perplexity AI
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • SAP Concur
  • Gemini (Google)
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • SAP software
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Alteryx software
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Microsoft Access
  • Apache Solr
  • LexisNexis
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • IBM Notes
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Workday software
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • Structured query language SQL
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Teradata Database
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Eko
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Asset management software
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • UNIX
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Cost accounting software
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Internal audit software
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Accounts payable software
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • CPSI EHR System
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Tableau
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • Datavantage
  • Financial reporting software
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • TimeValue software
  • Financial statement software
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Billing software
  • Napkin AI
  • Data extraction software
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Microsoft Word
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • Document management system software
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • ACCUCert
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • Abacus Tax
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Invoice software
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Google Sheets
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Microsoft Windows
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Payroll software
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Oracle Database
  • Alteryx AI
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Audit management software
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • TopCAATs
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • Microsoft Project
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • NetSuite ERP
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Lawson ERP
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • Accounting software
  • Salesforce software
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Database software
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • Scanners
  • Tablet computers
  • Desktop computers
  • Notebook computers
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • 10-key calculators
  • Personal computers
  • Laptop computers
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Photocopying equipment