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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Public Accountant” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Public Accountant” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Public Accountant” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

Technologies & Software

  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Accounts payable software
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • Microsoft Word
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • Database software
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Microsoft Access
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • SAS
  • IBM Notes
  • Financial Competence
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Meta Business AI
  • Fund accounting software
  • Alteryx software
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • Client billing software
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Napkin AI
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • ACCUCert
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Cost accounting software
  • Tableau AI
  • Billing software
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Asset management software
  • Teradata Database
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • Accounting software
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • Estate planning software
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Epic Systems
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Google Docs
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Recovery audit software
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Data entry software
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Workday software
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Document management system software
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • BizBench
  • DataRobot
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • Microsoft Works
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • Lawson ERP
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Medical condition coding software
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • Sage HRMS
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Google Sheets
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • DeepSeek
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • OSI TrustWise
  • CPSI EHR System
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Sage MAS 500
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Yardi software
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • SAP Business Objects
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Gemini (Google)
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Microsoft FRx
  • R
  • Google Slides
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • Abacus Tax
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Payroll software
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • SAP Concur
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • Data extraction software
  • Apache Solr
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • Grok (xAI)
  • TopCAATs
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • Perplexity AI
  • Financial reporting software
  • Accurate NXG
  • Financial statement software
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Planful AI
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • General ledger software
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • FileMaker Pro
  • Microsoft Project
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Tableau
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • Audit management software
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • Delphi Technology
  • Practice management software PMS
  • SAP software
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • Microsoft Visio
  • MEDITECH software
  • Datavantage
  • Eko
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Accounts receivable software
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Alteryx AI
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • Oracle Database
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • UNIX
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • Salesforce software
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • TimeValue software
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • LexisNexis
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Swift
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Structured query language SQL
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Microsoft Windows
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Internal audit software
  • NetSuite ERP
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • Tax software
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Invoice software
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Desktop computers
  • Scanners
  • Personal computers
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • 10-key calculators
  • Laptop computers
  • Notebook computers
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Tablet computers