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Automation Risk Analysis

Will “Public Accountant” be Automated?

Historical Context: Oxford Study (2013)

Ranked #589 of 702. Estimated risk: 94.0%

Directly assessed by researchers as likely automatable
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AI Exposure Risk

62%

“Public Accountant” will maybe be replaced by AI.

Based on the cognitive demands, communication requirements, and logical reasoning intrinsic to this occupation according to O*NET data, we project a 62% probability of disruption by generative AI and Large Language Models.

Automation & Robot Risk

27%

“Public Accountant” will almost certainly not be replaced by robots.

Evaluating the physical dexterity, repetitive motion tasks, and manual labor associated with this role, our analysis indicates a 27% likelihood of substitution by advanced robotics systems.

Personal & Financial Insights

Every occupation has a unique profile. For Accountants and Auditors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and O*NET classify the day-to-day work broadly as: Examine, analyze, and interpret accounting records to prepare financial statements, give advice, or audit and evaluate statements prepared by others. Install or advise on systems of recording costs or other financial and budgetary data.

Avg. Annual Salary $93,520
Avg. Hourly Wage $44.96
Available Jobs (US) 1,448,290
Job Title & Hierarchy Code (SOC) Accountants and Auditors #13-2011
Wage vs. National Median
ℹ️

Data is based on the reference occupation: “Accountants and Auditors”

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Core Skills & Abilities

  • Prepare adjusting journal entries.

  • Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.

  • Compute taxes owed and prepare tax returns, ensuring compliance with payment, reporting, or other tax requirements.

  • Review accounts for discrepancies and reconcile differences.

  • Audit payroll and personnel records to determine unemployment insurance premiums, workers' compensation coverage, liabilities, and compliance with tax laws.

  • Inspect cash on hand, notes receivable and payable, negotiable securities, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.

  • Conduct pre-implementation audits to determine if systems and programs under development will work as planned.

  • Process invoices for payment.

  • Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.

  • Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.

  • Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.

  • Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.

  • Review data about material assets, net worth, liabilities, capital stock, surplus, income, or expenditures.

  • Analyze business operations, trends, costs, revenues, financial commitments, and obligations to project future revenues and expenses or to provide advice.

  • Examine records and interview workers to ensure recording of transactions and compliance with laws and regulations.

  • Evaluate taxpayer finances to determine tax liability, using knowledge of interest and discount rates, annuities, valuation of stocks and bonds, and amortization valuation of depletable assets.

  • Develop, maintain, or analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.

  • Direct activities of personnel engaged in filing, recording, compiling, and transmitting financial records.

  • Examine whether the organization's objectives are reflected in its management activities, and whether employees understand the objectives.

  • Prepare, analyze, or verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.

  • Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.

  • Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.

  • Advise clients in areas such as compensation, employee health care benefits, the design of accounting or data processing systems, or long-range tax or estate plans.

  • Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.

  • Prepare detailed reports on audit findings.

  • Examine inventory to verify journal and ledger entries.

  • Review taxpayer accounts, and conduct audits on-site, by correspondence, or by summoning taxpayer to office.

  • Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.

  • Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.

Technologies & Software

  • Universal Tax Systems TaxWise
  • Intuit ProSeries
  • Palisade @Risk
  • Microsoft Windows
  • Fixed-assets depreciation software
  • Recovery audit software
  • Exact Software Macola ES
  • Yardi software
  • Profit Developers Electronic File Interchange
  • Estate planning software
  • Microsoft Outlook
  • Google Sheets
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Epic Systems
  • General ledger software
  • Solutions Technology & Software HR Premier
  • FileMaker Pro
  • Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications VBA
  • Qlik Tech QlikView
  • D'Arcangelo Galileo
  • Fund accounting software
  • AuditWare CaseWare Examiner
  • Sage 50 Accounting
  • Lead Activity Analyzer
  • BizBench
  • Yardi Systems Yardi Enterprise
  • CCH ProSystem fx TAX
  • Billing software
  • ADP Super Report Writer
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Engagement CS
  • Accounts payable software
  • Medical condition coding software
  • Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
  • Microsoft Dynamics SL
  • Advanced Micro Systems 1099-Etc
  • Microsoft FRx
  • Intrax ProcedureNet
  • BNA Estate and Gift Tax Suite
  • SAP Crystal Reports
  • Tableau
  • Microsoft Dynamics GP
  • Sage CPAClient Checkbook
  • Paisley RiskNavigator
  • FRx Software Microsoft FRx
  • Sage EDP Payroll Tax
  • Sage HRMS
  • BNA Sales and Use Tax Rates and Forms
  • Alteryx software
  • CaseWare International IDEA
  • Automation Counselors municiPAL
  • Microsoft Visual Basic
  • Microsoft Word
  • OmniRIM Records Management Suite
  • Llama (Meta)
  • Perplexity AI
  • Choice Technologies PowerBill +
  • Paisley AutoAudit
  • IBM Cognos Impromptu
  • Nova (Amazon)
  • Microsoft Access
  • ATX Total Engagement Office
  • NewPortWave Year End Solutions
  • Lawson ERP
  • ACL Audit Exchange
  • Data entry software
  • InformationActive ActiveData for Excel
  • BNA Income Tax Planning Solutions
  • Gemini for Workspace
  • R
  • Teradata Database
  • AcornSystems Corporate Performance Management
  • Microsoft Works
  • Blackbaud The Raiser's Edge
  • BNA Corporate Tax Audit Analyzer
  • CPSI EHR System
  • Sage MAS 200 ERP
  • Lumigent Entegra
  • AcorynSystems Activity Based Costing/Management ABC/M
  • IBM Notes
  • 1099 ProsSoftware
  • Corporate Responsibility System Technologies Limited Compliance Positioning System
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI)
  • Micronetics Xpert Write-up
  • Best MIP Fund Accounting
  • Sage CPAAccounts Receivable
  • PricewaterhouseCoopers TeamMate
  • Intuit TurboTax
  • Cebos MQ1 Audit System
  • NortonLifeLock cybersecurity software
  • ACL Business Assurance Analytics
  • Tax software
  • Evron Computer Systems SAGE PFW (Platinum For Windows)
  • CCIS AccountAbility
  • Abacus Tax
  • ADP Workforce Now
  • SAP Concur
  • Income tax return preparation software
  • Summit Software Summit Biofuels Accounting
  • Kirix ProffiPoint
  • OSI TrustWise
  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • CashFlow Guardian
  • CYMA IV Accounting for Windows
  • eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL
  • Datavantage
  • ACCUCert
  • Cost accounting software
  • Microsoft SharePoint
  • Microsoft Office software
  • Accounting compliance software
  • Microsoft Copilot
  • Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
  • Delphi Technology
  • CaseWare Working Papers
  • Eko
  • Sage ERP Accpac
  • ATX Total Accounting Office
  • TrendTracker Compliance Solution
  • Automated auditors fraud detector software
  • IBM SPSS Statistics
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Sage HandiSoft HandiLedger
  • Best Software CPAPayroll
  • NetSuite ERP
  • WizSoft WizWhy
  • Softrax Revenue Management
  • Creative Solutions UltraTax 1040
  • Practice management software PMS
  • Medical procedure coding software
  • Avalara AvaTax ST
  • Google Docs
  • TechSmith Camtasia
  • Sageworks ProfitCents
  • Intuit QuickBooks
  • Mistral (Mistral AI)
  • Sage MAS 500
  • American Riviera Magtax
  • Accounting software
  • IBM Power Systems software
  • Paisley IssueTrack
  • WizSoft WizRule
  • Multiview Accounts Receivable
  • Adobe Acrobat
  • PROPHIX Enterprise
  • Claude (Anthropic)
  • Oracle Fusion Applications
  • Oracle Database
  • Oracle PeopleSoft
  • Thomson Reuters Risk Management
  • Healthcare common procedure coding system HCPCS
  • Salesforce software
  • Sage Platinum for Windows PFW
  • MethodWare ProAudit Advisor
  • Intellitax financial solutions software
  • Grok (xAI)
  • Qwen (Alibaba)
  • Planful AI
  • TopCAATs
  • SAP Business Objects
  • AdaptaSoft CyberPay
  • Paisley Cardmap
  • Bi3 Financial Statement Fraud Analysis
  • LexisNexis
  • Oracle PeopleSoft Financials
  • Intuit Lacerte
  • Tropics workers' compensation software
  • Star Software Fixed Asset Depreciation
  • Paisley Focus Control Assurance
  • Microsoft Publisher
  • Asset management software
  • Sampson Data Pattern Index software
  • Microsoft SQL Server
  • Accurate NXG
  • Internal audit software
  • New Millennium Communications Genesis Accounting
  • Invoice software
  • MEDITECH software
  • Pleier Audit Management System
  • Sage CPADocument Manager
  • DataRobot
  • KPB Associates TaxStream
  • Microsoft Project
  • Brentmark Estate Planning Quickview
  • Heron CrossTie General Ledger
  • Thomson Creative Solutions Financial Analysis CS
  • Tumbleweed SecureTransport
  • Iron Mountain Accutrac records management software
  • Microsoft OneNote
  • Tax compliance property tax management software
  • Financial Competence
  • Cammack Computations Inter-Est
  • Kimi (Moonshot AI)
  • Gemini (Google)
  • DeepSeek
  • Alteryx AI
  • Thomson GoSystem Tax
  • Workday software
  • Pro Systems Client Write-Up System for Windows
  • Structured query language SQL
  • Database software
  • Sage CPAAccounts Payable
  • IAD Audit Leverage
  • IDMS Account Ability
  • Napkin AI
  • Star Software Materiality Calculator
  • Financial statement software
  • Client billing software
  • Payroll software
  • Roundtable Software Advantage Accounting System
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for SAS
  • MRO Audit Tracker
  • Microsoft Exchange
  • Swift
  • Cartesis Magnitude iAnalysis
  • Financial reporting software
  • Sync Essentials Trade Accountant
  • TimeValue software
  • Sage BusinessWorks
  • SAS
  • CaseWare International IDEA SmartAnalyzer
  • Digital analysis tests and statistics DATAS for Excel
  • Audit management software
  • Arbutus Analyzer
  • Spreadsheet software
  • Pentana audit work system PAWS
  • UNIX
  • Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne
  • WorkForce Software EmpCenter Time and Attendance
  • Data extraction software
  • ATX Total Tax Office
  • Tableau AI
  • Oracle Hyperion
  • Meta Business AI
  • Accountants Templates JAZZ-It!
  • Microsoft Dynamics
  • Cartesis ES Magnitude
  • Apache Solr
  • Lead Business Analyzer
  • UA Business Software Professional Edition
  • Oracle E-Business Suite Financials
  • Document management system software
  • Bi3 Audit Intelligence
  • Thomson PPC e-Tools Suite
  • RSM McGladrey Auditor Assistant
  • Human resource management software HRMS
  • Guidance Software EnCase Enterprise
  • Microsoft Visio
  • Sage 300 Construction and Real Estate
  • H&R Block Tax
  • Google Slides
  • SAP software
  • Audit planning and control environment software
  • SAP BusinessObjects Data Integrator
  • Accounts receivable software
  • RSM McGladrey Advanced Practice Solutions Paperless Audit
  • Microsoft Dynamics NAV
  • AuditWare financial reporting and auditing software
  • Accounting fraud detection software
  • Scanners
  • 10-key calculators
  • Computer data input scanners
  • Photocopying equipment
  • Notebook computers
  • Personal computers
  • Personal digital assistants PDA
  • Laser facsimile machines
  • Laptop computers
  • Tablet computers
  • Desktop computers